Teratogenesis

Teratogenesis is a process of abnormal development that results in the formation of malformed or non-viable organisms. It is caused by a variety of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that can interfere with the normal development of an embryo or fetus. Teratogenesis can be caused by a variety of factors, including exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, drugs, alcohol, smoking, infections, and nutrient deficiencies. The effects of teratogenesis can range from minor physical deformities to severe physical and mental disabilities. Teratogenesis typically occurs in the early stages of embryonic development, when the embryo is most vulnerable to environmental and genetic influences. This is due to the fact that the embryo is rapidly dividing and the cells are still undifferentiated. During this time, the embryo is particularly sensitive to any changes in its environment, as the cells are still in the process of forming the body’s various organs and tissues. The most common cause of teratogenesis is exposure to certain chemicals, drugs, and radiation. For example, exposure to the drug thalidomide in the 1950s and 1960s caused severe birth defects in many infants. Other drugs, such as some antibiotics and anticonvulsants, may also cause teratogenesis if taken by pregnant women. Radiation, such as X-rays, can also cause teratogenesis if the fetus is exposed to high levels. Nutrient deficiencies, such as a lack of folic acid or vitamin A, can also cause teratogenesis.