Premenstrual Dysphonic Disorder

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) that affects 3–8% of women of reproductive age. PMDD is a disabling condition characterized by a range of physical and psychological symptoms, such as irritability, mood swings, anxiety, depression, fatigue, bloating, and breast tenderness, that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and remit after the onset of menses. The exact cause of PMDD is unknown, but it is thought to be related to a combination of hormonal and neurotransmitter imbalances. Elevated levels of progesterone and estradiol, as well as decreased levels of serotonin, have been associated with PMDD. Moreover, genetic factors are also thought to play a role in the development of PMDD, as the condition appears to run in families. The diagnosis of PMDD is based on the presence of at least five PMDD-specific symptoms that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and remit after the onset of menses. Treatment of PMDD typically involves lifestyle modifications and pharmacological options, such as the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which can improve symptoms. In conclusion, PMDD is a disabling condition that affects 3–8% of women of reproductive age and is characterized by a range of physical and psychological symptoms. The exact cause of PMDD is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of hormonal and neurotransmitter imbalances. Treatment of PMDD typically involves lifestyle modifications and pharmacological options, such as SSRIs.