Perinatal Mortality

Perinatal mortality (PNM) is the death of a baby before, during, or shortly after birth. It is a major cause of infant mortality and is one of the most important public health issues worldwide. PNM is a complex and multi-factorial problem with many contributing causes, including preterm birth, birth asphyxia, infections, congenital anomalies, and maternal health and nutrition. The exact cause of death may not be known and some deaths may be attributed to multiple causes. Preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal mortality and is responsible for an estimated 40-50% of all PNM cases. Preterm babies are more likely to suffer from birth asphyxia, infections, and other complications. These preterm babies are also more likely to have lower birth weights, which increases the risk of death. Birth asphyxia is the second leading cause of PNM and is defined as the failure of the newborn to establish or maintain a normal respiratory rate and circulation. This is often caused by a delay in the delivery of oxygen to the baby due to problems during labor or delivery, such as umbilical cord compression or placental abruption. Infections are another major cause of PNM. Some infections, such as maternal syphilis, are passed from mother to baby during pregnancy, whereas others, such as neonatal sepsis, are contracted after birth. Congenital anomalies, such as chromosomal abnormalities or birth defects, can also lead to PNM. Many of these anomalies are detected before birth through prenatal screening, although some may not be discovered until after birth. Finally, maternal health and nutrition can also contribute to PNM. Maternal malnutrition, smoking, and other poor health habits can increase the risk of perinatal mortality. Perinatal mortality is a major public health issue and can be reduced through improved access to quality healthcare, improved nutrition and health practices, and better antenatal care. Through these efforts, more babies can be saved and infant mortality can be reduced.