Bioethicists are professionals who specialize in the ethical implications of modern medical and biotechnological advances. They research, analyze and advise on a wide range of ethical issues related to these advances, such as cloning, stem cell research, genetic engineering, organ transplantation and end-of-life decisions. They often provide counsel to health care organizations, universities, government agencies and private organizations on matters related to bioethics. Bioethicists are typically well-versed in moral philosophy, legal systems, public health and medical sciences. They use their knowledge to interpret and apply ethical principles to specific issues related to medical research, health care practices and public policy. Bioethicists must be aware of the latest developments in medical and biotechnological advances and their potential implications. Bioethicists often conduct research studies, prepare reports and write journal articles on specific topics related to bioethics. They may also serve as consultants to health care organizations, advise universities on ethical issues or provide input on public policy decisions. In addition, they may teach courses in bioethics or serve as members of committees charged with developing ethical guidelines.